Consider the following statements:

Statement-I: The atmosphere is heated more by incoming solar radiation than by terrestrial radiation.

Statement-II: Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are good absorbers of long wave radiation.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

(a)  Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II explains Statement-I

(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct. but Statement-II does not explain Statement-I

(c) Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II is incorrect

(d) Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement-II is correct

Techniques Used

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Recalled concepts of atmospheric heating and the greenhouse effect.

2.        Logical Deductions: Analysed the mechanisms by which the atmosphere is heated and the role of greenhouse gases.

3.        Look for Contradictions: Verified whether the given statements align with basic climatological principles.

Analysis of Statements

Statement-I: The atmosphere is heated more by incoming solar radiation than by terrestrial radiation.

• Technique Used: Use of General Knowledge and Logical Deductions.
• The atmosphere is primarily heated by terrestrial (long-wave) radiation rather than incoming solar (short-wave) radiation.
• Incoming solar radiation mostly passes through the atmosphere and heats the Earth's surface.
• The Earth's surface emits long-wave radiation, which is absorbed by greenhouse gases, heating the atmosphere.
• This statement is incorrect.

Statement-II: Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are good absorbers of long wave radiation.

• Technique Used: Use of General Knowledge.
• Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor are excellent absorbers of long-wave (terrestrial) radiation. This absorption is the basis of the greenhouse effect, which traps heat and warms the atmosphere.
• This statement is correct.

Correct Answer: (d) Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement-II is correct

Explanation of Techniques Used

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Identified the fundamental role of long-wave radiation and greenhouse gases in atmospheric heating.

2.        Logical Deductions: Analysed the distinction between solar and terrestrial radiation in heating processes.

3.        Look for Contradictions: Verified the mismatch between Statement-I and basic principles of atmospheric heating.

Consider the following statements:

Statement-I: Thickness of the troposphere at the equator is much greater as compared to poles.

Statement-II: At the equator, heat is transported to great heights by strong convectional currents.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-I Statement-II explains

(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct, but Statement-II does not explain Statement-I

(c) Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II is incorrect

(d) Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement-II is correct

Techniques Used

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Recalled the structure of the atmosphere and the role of convection in the troposphere.

2.        Logical Deductions: Analysed the relationship between convection currents and the thickness of the troposphere.

3.        Look for Contradictions: Verified if Statement-II provides a valid explanation for Statement-I.

Analysis of Statements

Statement-I: Thickness of the troposphere at the equator is much greater as compared to poles.

• Technique Used: Use of General Knowledge.
• The troposphere is thicker at the equator (approximately 16-18 km) compared to the poles (6-8 km). This is because the equator receives more solar energy, leading to greater convection and expansion of the tropospheric air.
• This statement is correct.

Statement-II: At the equator, heat is transported to great heights by strong convectional currents.

• Technique Used: Logical Deductions.
• The equator experiences intense solar heating, causing strong convectional currents that transport heat and moisture to greater heights in the troposphere.
• This statement is correct and explains why the troposphere is thicker at the equator.

Relationship Between the Statements

• The strong convectional currents at the equator (Statement-II) directly contribute to the greater thickness of the troposphere (Statement-I).

Correct Answer: (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II explains Statement-I

Explanation of Techniques Used

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Recalled the differences in tropospheric thickness and the role of solar heating.

2.        Logical Deductions: Connected the effect of convectional currents to the variation in tropospheric thickness between the equator and poles.

3.        Look for Contradictions: Verified the causal relationship between the two statements.

Consider the following:

1. Pyroclastic debris

2. Ash and dust

3. Nitrogen compounds

4. Sulphur compounds

How many of the above are products of volcanic eruptions?

(a) Only one

(b) Only two

(c) Only three

(d) All four

Techniques Used

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Recalled the materials typically emitted during volcanic eruptions.

2.        Logical Deductions: Assessed whether each listed item is associated with volcanic activity.

3.        Elimination of Extremes: Verified the inclusion of elements not commonly linked to volcanic eruptions.

Analysis of the Options

1. Pyroclastic debris

• Technique Used: Use of General Knowledge.
• Pyroclastic debris is a major product of volcanic eruptions and includes fragments of rock, volcanic ash, and other solid materials ejected explosively.
• This is a product of volcanic eruptions.

2. Ash and dust

• Technique Used: Use of General Knowledge.
• Volcanic eruptions release large amounts of ash and dust into the atmosphere, formed when magma and rock are pulverized.
• This is a product of volcanic eruptions.

3. Nitrogen compounds

• Technique Used: Logical Deductions.
• Nitrogen compounds are not a primary product of volcanic eruptions. While some nitrogen may be released, it is not a significant component of volcanic emissions.
• This is not a product of volcanic eruptions.

4. Sulphur compounds

• Technique Used: Use of General Knowledge.
• Volcanic eruptions release large amounts of sulphur dioxide (SO₂) and other sulphur compounds, which contribute to atmospheric phenomena like acid rain.
• This is a product of volcanic eruptions.

Correct Answer: (c) Only three

Explanation of Techniques Used

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Recognized pyroclastic debris, ash and dust, and sulphur compounds as primary products of volcanic eruptions.

2.        Logical Deductions: Identified that nitrogen compounds are not typically associated with volcanic activity.

3.        Elimination of Extremes: Discarded the option including all four as nitrogen compounds are not significant volcanic products.

Which of the following is/are correct inference/inferences from isothermal maps in the month of January?

1. The isotherms deviate to the north over the ocean and to the south over the continent.

2. The presence of cold ocean currents, Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift make the North Atlantic Ocean colder and the isotherms bend towards the north.

Select the answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Techniques Used

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Recalled the behaviour of isotherms and the influence of land and water on temperature distribution.

2.        Logical Deductions: Evaluated the relationship between ocean currents, isotherm deviations, and seasonal temperature variations.

3.        Look for Contradictions: Verified if the statements align with climatological principles.

Analysis of Statements

Statement 1: The isotherms deviate to the north over the ocean and to the south over the continent.

• Technique Used: Use of General Knowledge.
• In January (winter in the Northern Hemisphere), continents cool faster than oceans due to their lower heat capacity. This results in isotherms bending northward over the relatively warmer oceans and southward over the colder continents.
• This statement is correct.

Statement 2: The presence of cold ocean currents, Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift make the North Atlantic Ocean colder and the isotherms bend towards the north.

• Technique Used: Logical Deductions and Look for Contradictions.
• The Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift are warm ocean currents, not cold. These currents keep the North Atlantic Ocean warmer, causing isotherms to bend northward, but this warming effect contradicts the idea of the North Atlantic Ocean being colder.
• This statement is incorrect.

Correct Answer: (a) 1 only

Explanation of Techniques Used

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Recognized the typical behaviour of isotherms over land and ocean during winter.

2.        Logical Deductions: Identified the warming effect of the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift, contradicting the idea of a colder North Atlantic Ocean.

3.        Look for Contradictions: Validated that warm currents would not make the North Atlantic colder.

Which of the following countries are well known as the two largest cocoa producers in the world?

(a) Algeria and Morocco

(b) Botswana and Namibia

(c) Cote d’ Ivoire Coast and Ghana

(d) Madagascar and Mozambique

Techniques Used

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Recalled global cocoa production statistics and the primary producing countries.

2.        Logical Deductions: Evaluated geographic and climatic suitability for cocoa production.

3.        Elimination of Extremes: Removed options with countries not known for cocoa production.

Analysis of Options

Option (a): Algeria and Morocco

• Technique Used: Logical Deductions.
• Algeria and Morocco are in North Africa, which is known for arid and semi-arid climates unsuitable for cocoa cultivation.
• This option is incorrect.

Option (b): Botswana and Namibia

• Technique Used: Logical Deductions.
• Botswana and Namibia are in Southern Africa and are primarily arid or semi-arid regions. These countries are not known for cocoa production.
• This option is incorrect.

Option (c): Cote d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) and Ghana

• Technique Used: Use of General Knowledge.
• Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana are located in West Africa, which has a tropical climate ideal for cocoa cultivation. These two countries are the largest cocoa producers globally, contributing more than 60% of the world's cocoa production.
• This option is correct.

Option (d): Madagascar and Mozambique

• Technique Used: Elimination of Extremes.
• While Madagascar produces some specialty cocoa, Mozambique is not a significant cocoa producer.
• This option is incorrect.

Correct Answer: (c) Cote d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) and Ghana

Explanation of Techniques Used

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Identified Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana as global leaders in cocoa production.

2.        Logical Deductions: Analysed climatic suitability for cocoa cultivation, focusing on tropical regions.

3.        Elimination of Extremes: Removed options involving arid regions or countries with minimal cocoa production.

With reference to the Himalayan rivers joining the Ganga downstream of Prayagraj from West to East, which one of the following sequences is correct?

(a) Ghaghara – Gomati – Gandak – Kosi

(b) Gomati – Ghaghara – Gandak – Kosi

(c) Ghaghara – Gomati – Kosi – Gandak

(d) Gomati – Ghaghara – Kosi – Gandak

Techniques Used

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Recalled the geography of major Himalayan rivers flowing into the Ganga downstream of Prayagraj.

2.        Logical Deductions: Analysed the relative positions of rivers based on their points of confluence with the Ganga.

3.        Elimination of Extremes: Removed options that do not align with the west-to-east flow of these rivers.

Analysis of Options

1.        Ghaghara – Gomati – Gandak – Kosi

o    Technique Used: Logical Deductions.

o    Ghaghara is west of Gomati, but Gandak lies east of Kosi. This sequence places Kosi before Gandak, which is incorrect.

o    This option is incorrect.

2.        Gomati – Ghaghara – Gandak – Kosi

o    Technique Used: Use of General Knowledge.

o    The correct west-to-east sequence of Himalayan rivers joining the Ganga downstream of Prayagraj is:

§  Gomati, followed by Ghaghara, then Gandak, and finally Kosi.

o    This option is correct.

3.        Ghaghara – Gomati – Kosi – Gandak

o    Technique Used: Elimination of Extremes.

o    Ghaghara lies east of Gomati, and Gandak lies west of Kosi. This sequence is incorrect.

o    This option is incorrect.

4.        Gomati – Ghaghara – Kosi – Gandak

o    Technique Used: Logical Deductions.

o    Kosi lies east of Gandak, so placing Kosi before Gandak is incorrect.

o    This option is incorrect.

Correct Answer: (b) Gomati – Ghaghara – Gandak – Kosi

Explanation of Techniques Used

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Identified the relative positions of the rivers based on their points of confluence with the Ganga.

2.        Logical Deductions: Confirmed the west-to-east sequence by aligning the rivers geographically.

3.        Elimination of Extremes: Removed options with misplaced rivers in the sequence.

 Consider the following statements:

Statement-I: Rainfall is one of the reasons for weathering of rocks.

Statement-II: Rain water contains carbon dioxide in solution.

Statement-III: Rain water contains atmospheric oxygen.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

(a) Both Statement-II and Statement-III are correct and both of them explain Statement-I

(b) Both Statement-II and Statement-III are correct, but only one of them explains Statement-I

(c) Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement-I

(d) Neither Statement-II nor Statement-III is correct

Techniques Used

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Recalled the processes of weathering and the role of rainwater in rock weathering.

2.        Logical Deductions: Analysed how rainwater components like carbon dioxide and oxygen contribute to weathering.

3.        Look for Contradictions: Verified whether both or only one of the factors contributes directly to weathering.

Analysis of Statements

Statement-I: Rainfall is one of the reasons for weathering of rocks.

• Technique Used: Use of General Knowledge.
• Rainfall contributes to mechanical, chemical, and biological weathering of rocks. When rainwater interacts with rocks, it causes physical disintegration, chemical dissolution, and oxidation.
• This statement is correct.

Statement-II: Rainwater contains carbon dioxide in solution.

• Technique Used: Logical Deductions.
• Rainwater dissolves carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, forming weak carbonic acid. This acid reacts with minerals in rocks, causing chemical weathering (e.g., dissolution of limestone).
• This statement is correct and explains Statement-I.

Statement-III: Rainwater contains atmospheric oxygen.

• Technique Used: Logical Deductions.
• Rainwater carries dissolved oxygen from the atmosphere, which can react with minerals in rocks, causing oxidation (e.g., rusting of iron-rich rocks). This process is a key component of chemical weathering.
• This statement is correct and also explains Statement-I.

Relationship Between the Statements

• Both Statement-II (carbon dioxide in rainwater) and Statement-III (oxygen in rainwater) explain Statement-I (rainfall contributes to weathering of rocks).

Correct Answer: (a) Both Statement-II and Statement-III are correct and both of them explain Statement-I

Explanation of Techniques Used

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Recognized that rainwater containing dissolved carbon dioxide and oxygen causes chemical weathering through processes like carbonation and oxidation.

2.        Logical Deductions: Identified that both components in rainwater contribute directly to weathering.

3.        Look for Contradictions: Confirmed that neither statement contradicts the process of weathering.

Consider the following countries:

1. Finland

2. Germany

3. Norway

4. Russia

How many of the above countries have a border with the North Sea?

(a) Only one

(b) Only two

(c) Only three

(d) All four

Techniques Used

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Recalled geographic locations and coastlines of the listed countries.

2.        Logical Deductions: Evaluated the proximity of each country to the North Sea.

3.        Elimination of Extremes: Removed countries that do not directly border the North Sea.

Analysis of Countries

1. Finland

• Technique Used: Use of General Knowledge.
• Finland is located in Northern Europe and borders the Baltic Sea, not the North Sea.
• Finland does not have a border with the North Sea.

2. Germany

• Technique Used: Use of General Knowledge.
• Germany has a coastline along the North Sea, particularly in the northwest, near the states of Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony.
• Germany borders the North Sea.

3. Norway

• Technique Used: Use of General Knowledge.
• Norway has an extensive western coastline along the North Sea.
• Norway borders the North Sea.

4. Russia

• Technique Used: Logical Deductions and Elimination.
• Russia has coastlines along the Arctic Ocean, Baltic Sea, and Pacific Ocean but does not border the North Sea.
• Russia does not have a border with the North Sea.

Correct Answer: (b) Only two

Explanation of Techniques Used

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Recognized that only Germany and Norway have coastlines along the North Sea.

2.        Logical Deductions: Differentiated between the North Sea and other nearby water bodies (e.g., Baltic Sea, Arctic Ocean).

3.        Elimination of Extremes: Excluded Finland and Russia, which do not border the North Sea.

Consider the following information:

In how many of the above rows is the given information correctly matched?

(a) Only one

(b) Only two

(c) Only three

(d) All four

Techniques Used

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Recalled the geographical features, locations, and associated rivers for the waterfalls.

2.        Logical Deductions: Analyzed the plausibility of each pairing based on known regional geography.

3.        Elimination of Extremes: Verified whether the regions and rivers matched appropriately.

Analysis of Rows

Row 1: Dhuandhar – Malwa – Narmada

• Technique Used: Use of General Knowledge.
• The Dhuandhar Waterfall is located in Madhya Pradesh on the Narmada River, near Bhedaghat. However, this area is part of the Vindhyan region, not the Malwa Plateau.
• This row is incorrect.

Row 2: Hundru – Chota Nagpur – Subarnarekha

• Technique Used: Logical Deductions.
• The Hundru Waterfall is located in the Chota Nagpur Plateau in Jharkhand on the Subarnarekha River.
• This row is correct.

Row 3: Gersoppa – Western Ghats – Netravati

• Technique Used: Use of General Knowledge and Elimination of Extremes.
• The Gersoppa Waterfall is another name for the Jog Falls, located in Karnataka in the Western Ghats. However, the river is the Sharavathi, not the Netravati.
• This row is incorrect.

Correct Answer: (a) Only one

Explanation of Techniques Used

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Recognized that Hundru Falls on the Subarnarekha River is accurately matched, while others had mismatches in region or river names.

2.        Logical Deductions: Differentiated between specific river systems associated with Jog Falls (Gersoppa) and Dhuandhar Falls.

3.        Elimination of Extremes: Ruled out rows with mismatched regions or rivers.

Consider the following information:

In how many of the above rows is the given information correctly matched?

(a) Only one

(b) Only two

(c) Only three

(d) All four

Techniques Used

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Recalled the types of mountain ranges and their specific locations.

2.        Logical Deductions: Verified whether each mountain range aligns with its type and geographic region.

3.        Elimination of Extremes: Identified mismatches between the type of mountain and its classification.

Analysis of Rows

Row 1: Central – Vosges – Fold mountain

• Technique Used: Use of General Knowledge.
• The Vosges mountain range, located in France (Europe), is a block mountain, not a fold mountain. It formed due to faulting and uplifting.
• This row is incorrect.

Row 2: Europe – Alps – Block mountain

• Technique Used: Use of General Knowledge.
• The Alps, located in Europe, are fold mountains, formed by the collision of the Eurasian and African tectonic plates.
• This row is incorrect.

Row 3: North America – Appalachians – Fold mountain

• Technique Used: Logical Deductions.
• The Appalachian Mountains, located in the eastern United States, are fold mountains, formed during the Paleozoic Era by the collision of tectonic plates.
• This row is correct.

Row 4: South America – Andes – Fold mountain

• Technique Used: Use of General Knowledge.
• The Andes, located in South America, are fold mountains, formed by the subduction of the Nazca plate beneath the South American plate.
• This row is correct.

Correct Answer: (b) Only two

Explanation of Techniques Used

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Identified the Vosges as a block mountain and the Alps as a fold mountain, correcting the mismatched types.

2.        Logical Deductions: Recognized the Appalachians and Andes as classic examples of fold mountains.

3.        Elimination of Extremes: Discarded rows with clear mismatches between mountain type and classification.

The organisms “Cicada, Froghopper and Pond skater” are:

(a) Birds

(b) Fish

(c) Insects

(d) Reptiles

Techniques Used

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Recalled the classification and characteristics of Cicada, Froghopper, and Pond skater.

2.        Logical Deductions: Analysed the habitat and physiological traits of these organisms to classify them accurately.

Analysis of Options

Cicada

• Technique Used: Use of General Knowledge.
• Cicadas are known for their loud mating calls and are classified as insects belonging to the order Hemiptera.

Froghopper

• Technique Used: Use of General Knowledge.
• Froghoppers are small insects known for their remarkable jumping ability and are also part of the order Hemiptera.

Pond skater

• Technique Used: Logical Deductions.
• Pond skaters, also known as water striders, are insects that can walk on water due to surface tension and belong to the order Hemiptera.

Correct Answer: (c) Insects

Explanation of Techniques Used

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Recognized all three organisms as part of the insect class based on their traits and ecological behaviour.

2.        Logical Deductions: Confirmed their classification by linking their physical and behavioural characteristics to insects.

Consider the following statements:

Statement-I: Many chewing gums found in the market are considered a source of environmental pollution.

Statement-II: Many chewing gums contain plastic as gum base.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II explains Statement-I

(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct, but Statement-II does not explain Statement-I

(c) Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II is incorrect

(d) Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement-II is correct

Techniques Used

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Recalled information about the composition of chewing gum and its environmental impact.

2.        Logical Deductions: Evaluated the link between the use of plastic in gum base and its potential as a pollutant.

3.        Look for Contradictions: Verified whether Statement-II provides a valid explanation for Statement-I.

Analysis of Statements

Statement-I: Many chewing gums found in the market are considered a source of environmental pollution.

• Technique Used: Use of General Knowledge.
• Chewing gums, when improperly disposed of, contribute to litter and environmental pollution, as they do not decompose easily and can persist in the environment for years.
• This statement is correct.

Statement-II: Many chewing gums contain plastic as gum base.

• Technique Used: Logical Deductions.
• Many modern chewing gums use synthetic polymers or plastic as part of the gum base, which provides chewability. These plastics are non-biodegradable and contribute to pollution when gums are discarded.
• This statement is correct and explains Statement-I.

Relationship Between the Statements

• The plastic in the gum base (Statement-II) is a direct reason why chewing gums contribute to environmental pollution (Statement-I).

Correct Answer: (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II explains Statement-I

Explanation of Techniques Used

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Identified chewing gum's persistence in the environment as a pollutant and linked it to its plastic components.

2.        Logical Deductions: Connected the non-biodegradable nature of plastic in gum base to its environmental impact.

3.        Look for Contradictions: Verified that Statement-II logically explains the cause of Statement-I.

Consider the following pair:

How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

(a) Only one

(b) Only two

(c) All three

(d) None

Techniques Used

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Recalled the natural habitats of the animals mentioned.

2.        Logical Deductions: Assessed the ecological distribution of the animals relative to the countries listed.

3.        Elimination of Extremes: Identified mismatches between animals and their natural habitats.

Analysis of Pairs

1. Brazil – Indri

• Technique Used: Use of General Knowledge.
• The Indri is a large species of lemur and is endemic to Madagascar, not Brazil.
• This pair is incorrectly matched.

2. Indonesia – Elk

• Technique Used: Logical Deductions.
• Elks are found in temperate regions, primarily in North America, Europe, and Asia, and are not native to Indonesia, which has a tropical climate.
• This pair is incorrectly matched.

3. Madagascar – Bonobo

• Technique Used: Use of General Knowledge.
• The Bonobo is a primate found only in the Democratic Republic of Congo (Africa) and is not native to Madagascar. Madagascar is known for lemurs, not bonobos.
• This pair is incorrectly matched.

Correct Answer: (d) None

Explanation of Techniques Used

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Identified the natural habitats of the Indri (Madagascar), Elk (temperate regions), and Bonobo (Congo).

2.        Logical Deductions: Recognized that the listed countries do not align with the natural habitats of the mentioned animals.

3.        Elimination of Extremes: Discarded the possibility of any pair being correctly matched.

Consider the following statements regarding World Toilet Organization:

1. It is one of the agencies of the United Nations.

2. World Toilet Summit, World Toilet Day and World Toilet College are the initiatives of this organization, to inspire action to tackle the global sanitation crisis.

3. The main focus of its function is to grant funds to the least developed countries and developing countries to achieve the end of open defecation.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 2 only

(b) 3 only

(c) 1 and 2

(d) 2 and 3

Techniques Used

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Recalled the role, initiatives, and independence of the World Toilet Organization (WTO).

2.        Logical Deductions: Analysed whether the statements align with the objectives and functioning of WTO.

3.        Look for Contradictions: Verified the alignment of the organization's goals with its activities.

Analysis of Statements

Statement 1: It is one of the agencies of the United Nations.

• Technique Used: Use of General Knowledge.
• The World Toilet Organization is an independent, non-profit organization and is not an agency of the United Nations.
• This statement is incorrect.

Statement 2: World Toilet Summit, World Toilet Day and World Toilet College are the initiatives of this organization, to inspire action to tackle the global sanitation crisis.

• Technique Used: Use of General Knowledge.
• The WTO initiated World Toilet Day (recognized by the UN in 2013), organizes the World Toilet Summit, and runs the World Toilet College to address global sanitation issues.
• This statement is correct.

Statement 3: The main focus of its function is to grant funds to the least developed countries and developing countries to achieve the end of open defecation.

• Technique Used: Logical Deductions.
• While the WTO advocates for improved sanitation and raises awareness, it does not primarily grant funds. Instead, it focuses on advocacy, training, and mobilizing stakeholders to address sanitation issues.
• This statement is incorrect.

Correct Answer: (a) 2 only

Explanation of Techniques Used

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Recognized that the WTO is an independent organization, not a UN agency, and focuses on advocacy rather than direct funding.

2.        Logical Deductions: Differentiated between advocacy efforts (World Toilet Summit, Day, and College) and funding mechanisms.

3.        Look for Contradictions: Verified that granting funds is not a primary function of the WTO.

Consider the following statements:

1. Lions do not have a particular breeding season.

2. Unlike most other big cats, cheetahs do not roar.

3. Unlike male lions, male leopards do not proclaim their territory by scent marking.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Techniques Used

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Recalled the behavioural and biological traits of lions, cheetahs, and leopards.

2.        Logical Deductions: Analysed the habits of each species to verify the correctness of the statements.

3.        Look for Contradictions: Cross-checked the validity of each statement with established wildlife knowledge.

Analysis of Statements

Statement 1: Lions do not have a particular breeding season.

• Technique Used: Use of General Knowledge.
• Lions are known to breed throughout the year without a specific breeding season. However, breeding frequency may increase depending on environmental conditions and resource availability.
• This statement is correct.

Statement 2: Unlike most other big cats, cheetahs do not roar.

• Technique Used: Logical Deductions.
• Cheetahs are unique among big cats because they cannot roar. Instead, they produce high-pitched sounds such as chirps, purrs, and growls for communication. This distinguishes them from lions, tigers, and leopards.
• This statement is correct.

Statement 3: Unlike male lions, male leopards do not proclaim their territory by scent marking.

• Technique Used: Look for Contradictions.
• Male leopards, like other big cats, use scent marking to proclaim and maintain their territories. This is similar to male lions, though lions also use vocalizations (roaring) in addition to scent marking.
• This statement is incorrect.

Correct Answer: (a) 1 and 2 only

Explanation of Techniques Used

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Identified that lions breed year-round, cheetahs cannot roar, and leopards use scent marking.

2.        Logical Deductions: Differentiated the behaviours of leopards and lions, recognizing their similarities in territorial marking.

3.        Look for Contradictions: Verified that male leopards indeed use scent marking, disproving Statement 3.

Which one of the following is the correct description of “100 Million Farmers”?

(a) It is a platform for accelerating the transition towards food and water systems that are net-zero (carbon), nature-positive and that aims to increase farmer resilience.

(b) It is an international alliance, and a network of individuals and farming organisations interested in supporting and strengthening the development of the organic animal husbandry.

(c) It is a digital platform fully integrated with service providers and built on blockchain that lets buyers, sellers and third parties trade fertilizers quickly and securely.

(d) It is a platform with the mission of encouraging the farmers to form Farmer Product Organisations or Agribusiness Consortiums, thus facilitating the access to global open markets to sell their products.

Techniques Applied

1.        Choosing Broad, Inclusive Options

o    Option (a) discusses broad concepts like net-zero, nature-positive food systems, and farmer resilience, which align with global sustainability goals and involve multiple stakeholders.

2.        Eliminating Based on Familiar Terms

o    Options (b), (c), and (d) focus on narrower or more specialized goals:

§  (b) emphasizes organic animal husbandry, which does not fit with the name "100 Million Farmers."

§  (c) focuses on blockchain-based fertilizer trading, unrelated to the idea of farmer resilience or global sustainability.

§  (d) focuses on forming Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs), which is not a direct focus of the initiative.

3.        Logical Deductions

o    "100 Million Farmers" implies a large-scale initiative. Sustainability efforts like net-zero carbon emissions and nature-positive systems typically target a global agricultural transition.

4.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense

o    The phrase "100 Million Farmers" aligns with global initiatives that aim to engage large groups of farmers in combating climate change and enhancing sustainable practices.

Correct Answer: (a) It is a platform for accelerating the transition towards food and water systems that are net-zero (carbon), nature-positive and that aims to increase farmer resilience.

Explanation of Correct Answer

1.        The "100 Million Farmers" initiative is a global platform designed to:

o    Transition food systems toward net-zero carbon emissions.

o    Promote nature-positive practices.

o    Build farmer resilience to climate change and market fluctuations.

2.        It aligns with global priorities for sustainable agriculture and climate action.

Rejected Options

• (b): Organic animal husbandry is too narrow in scope and does not align with the "100 Million Farmers" initiative.
• (c): Blockchain-based trading platforms are unrelated to the focus on resilience or sustainability.
• (d): Forming FPOs is a localized goal and does not match the scale or purpose of "100 Million Farmers."

Techniques Summary

• Choosing Broad, Inclusive Options identified (a) as the most plausible.
• Eliminating Based on Familiar Terms ruled out options with narrower or irrelevant goals.
• Logical Deductions and Use of General Knowledge confirmed that (a) aligns with the initiative's global sustainability goals.

Consider the following:

1. Battery storage

2. Biomass generators

3. Fuel cells

4. Rooftop solar photovoltaic units

How many of the above are considered “Distributed Energy Resources”?

(a) Only one

(b) Only two

(c) Only three

(d) All four

Techniques Applied

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Recalled the concept of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) and their typical examples.

2.        Logical Deductions: Analysed each option to determine if it aligns with the definition of DERs as small-scale, decentralized energy systems.

3.        Process of Elimination by Context or Word Association: Evaluated whether each energy source could be categorized as distributed.

Analysis of Options

What are Distributed Energy Resources (DERs)?

• DERs refer to small-scale power generation or storage technologies that are located close to where energy is consumed. Examples include solar panels, battery storage, fuel cells, biomass generators, and wind turbines.

1. Battery storage

• Technique Used: Use of General Knowledge.
• Batteries store energy locally and are part of the DER ecosystem as they enable decentralized energy management.
• This is a Distributed Energy Resource.

2. Biomass generators

• Technique Used: Logical Deductions.
• Biomass generators are decentralized systems that generate energy from organic materials like crop residue or wood. These systems are close to the consumption point.
• This is a Distributed Energy Resource.

3. Fuel cells

• Technique Used: Logical Deductions.
• Fuel cells are decentralized systems that convert chemical energy (e.g., hydrogen) into electricity, suitable for small-scale and localized applications.
• This is a Distributed Energy Resource.

4. Rooftop solar photovoltaic units

• Technique Used: Use of General Knowledge.
• Rooftop solar panels are a classic example of DERs as they generate electricity close to the point of use and contribute to decentralized energy systems.
• This is a Distributed Energy Resource.

Correct Answer: (d) All four

Explanation of Correct Answer

• All the given options (Battery storage, Biomass generators, Fuel cells, and Rooftop solar PV units) align with the definition of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) as they are small-scale, decentralized, and located near the point of consumption.

Techniques Summary

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Identified examples of DERs like batteries and solar PV units.

2.        Logical Deductions: Evaluated whether each option meets the DER definition.

3.        Process of Elimination by Context or Word Association: Confirmed all options as DERs based on their decentralized characteristics.

Which one of the following shows a unique relationship with an insect that has coevolved with it and that is the only insect that can pollinate this tree?

(a) Fig

(b) Mahua

(c) Sandalwood

(d) Silk cotton

Techniques Applied

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Recalled unique plant-insect coevolution examples.

2.        Logical Deductions: Focused on exclusive pollination relationships between plants and insects.

3.        Elimination of Extremes: Narrowed down options to plants with widely known coevolutionary relationships.

Analysis of Options

(a) Fig

• Technique Used: Use of General Knowledge.
• The fig tree has a unique coevolutionary relationship with fig wasps.
• Each species of fig tree is pollinated by a specific species of fig wasp, and vice versa.
• This relationship is obligate, meaning that fig trees rely exclusively on their wasp partners for pollination, and the wasps need fig trees for reproduction.
• This is the correct answer.

(b) Mahua

• Technique Used: Logical Deductions.
• Mahua flowers are pollinated by various insects, bats, and birds, and it does not exhibit a unique, exclusive relationship with any single insect species.
• This is incorrect.

(c) Sandalwood

• Technique Used: Elimination of Extremes.
• Sandalwood is a partially parasitic tree and is primarily pollinated by wind and various insects, without a specific insect showing exclusivity.
• This is incorrect.

(d) Silk cotton

• Technique Used: Logical Deductions.
• Silk cotton trees are pollinated by bats and various insects, but they do not have a coevolutionary relationship with a single exclusive pollinator.
• This is incorrect.

Correct Answer: (a) Fig

Explanation of Correct Answer

• The fig tree and fig wasp have coevolved in a mutually dependent relationship. The fig provides a habitat and food source for the wasp, while the wasp ensures pollination for the fig.
• This is one of the most well-documented examples of obligate mutualism in nature, making it unique compared to the other options.

Techniques Summary

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Recognized the fig-wasp relationship as a classic example of obligate mutualism.

2.        Logical Deductions: Differentiated between obligate and generalist pollination.

3.        Elimination of Extremes: Ruled out plants without exclusive insect pollinators.

Consider the following:

1. Butterflies

2. Fish

3. Frogs

How many of the above have poisonous species among them?

(a) Only one

(b) Only two

(c) All three

(d) None

Techniques Used

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Recalled examples of species in each category that are poisonous.

2.        Logical Deductions: Analysed whether species within the given groups have known poisonous variants.

3.        Elimination of Extremes: Verified the presence of poisonous species in multiple groups.

Analysis of Each Category

1. Butterflies

• Technique Used: Use of General Knowledge.
• Some butterflies, such as the monarch butterfly, are considered poisonous to predators.
• They accumulate toxins (cardenolides) from feeding on milkweed plants during their larval stage.
• This deters predators like birds from eating them.
• Butterflies include poisonous species.

2. Fish

• Technique Used: Logical Deductions.
• Many fish species are poisonous. For example:
• Pufferfish (Fugu) contains tetrodotoxin, a potent neurotoxin.
• Some stonefish and lionfish have venomous spines.
• Fish include poisonous species.

3. Frogs

• Technique Used: Use of General Knowledge.
• Some frogs, like the poison dart frogs in Central and South America, produce toxic alkaloids in their skin.
• These toxins can be lethal to predators and even humans in high doses.
• Frogs include poisonous species.

Correct Answer: (c) All three

Explanation of Correct Answer

1.        Butterflies: Some species accumulate toxins as a defense mechanism, making them poisonous to predators.

2.        Fish: Poisonous species include pufferfish, lionfish, and stonefish.

3.        Frogs: Poison dart frogs and similar species are well-known for their toxicity.

Techniques Summary

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Recognized examples of poisonous species in each category.

2.        Logical Deductions: Linked ecological roles and adaptations to the presence of poison.

3.        Elimination of Extremes: Verified that all three groups include poisonous species.

Consider the following:

1. Cashew

2. Papaya

3. Red sanders

How many of the above trees are actually native to India?

(a) Only one

(b) Only two

(c) All three

(d) None

Techniques Used

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Recalled the origins and native regions of each tree.

2.        Logical Deductions: Analysed whether the tree species could have originated in India based on ecological and historical data.

3.        Elimination of Extremes: Verified the nativity of each tree to determine the correct count.

Analysis of Each Tree

1. Cashew

• Technique Used: Use of General Knowledge.
• Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) is not native to India. It originates from tropical Central and South America, particularly Brazil. It was introduced to India by the Portuguese.
• Cashew is not native to India.

2. Papaya

• Technique Used: Logical Deductions.
• Papaya (Carica papaya) is not native to India. It is native to tropical America, particularly Mexico and Central America. It was introduced to India by European traders.
• Papaya is not native to India.

3. Red sanders

• Technique Used: Use of General Knowledge.
• Red sanders (Pterocarpus santalinus), also known as red sandalwood, is native to India, particularly in the southern regions like Andhra Pradesh. It is endemic to the Eastern Ghats.
• Red sanders is native to India.

Correct Answer: (a) Only one

Explanation of Correct Answer

1.        Cashew: Originates from South America and was introduced to India by the Portuguese.

2.        Papaya: Originates from tropical America and was introduced to India.

3.        Red sanders: A tree species endemic to India, particularly in the Eastern Ghats.

Techniques Summary

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Identified cashew and papaya as non-native species introduced to India.

2.        Logical Deductions: Linked the unique ecological range of red sanders to its nativity in India.

3.        Elimination of Extremes: Confirmed that only one of the three trees is native to India.

Consider the following airports:

1. Donyi Polo Airport

2. Kushinagar International Airport

3. Vijayawada International Airport

In the recent past, which of the above have been constructed as Greenfield projects?

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(c) 2 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

Techniques Used

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Recalled the definition and examples of greenfield projects in the aviation sector.

2.        Logical Deductions: Evaluated whether each airport was newly constructed (greenfield) or an expansion of an existing facility (brownfield).

3.        Elimination of Extremes: Discarded options where airports classified as brownfield projects were included in the list of greenfield projects.

Analysis of Airports

1. Donyi Polo Airport

• Technique Used: Use of General Knowledge.
• Located near Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh, Donyi Polo Airport was developed from scratch on a new site and inaugurated in November 2022.
• It is a greenfield project.

2. Kushinagar International Airport

• Technique Used: Logical Deductions.
• Located in Uttar Pradesh, Kushinagar International Airport was built as a new facility on an undeveloped site and inaugurated in October 2021.
• It is a greenfield project.

3. Vijayawada International Airport

• Technique Used: Logical Deductions.
• Located in Andhra Pradesh, Vijayawada International Airport was upgraded from an existing domestic airport to international status. This expansion classifies it as a brownfield project, not greenfield.

Correct Answer: (a) 1 and 2 only

Explanation of Correct Answer

• Donyi Polo Airport and Kushinagar International Airport were newly constructed on undeveloped land, qualifying as greenfield projects.
• Vijayawada International Airport, on the other hand, was an upgrade of an existing facility, making it a brownfield project.

Techniques Summary

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Identified Donyi Polo and Kushinagar as new constructions (greenfield).

2.        Logical Deductions: Differentiated between greenfield (new) and brownfield (expanded existing) airports.

3.        Elimination of Extremes: Removed options that incorrectly classified Vijayawada as greenfield.

With reference to “water vapour”, which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. It is a gas, the amount of which decreases with altitude.

2. Its percentage is maximum at the poles.

Select the answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Techniques Used

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Recalled the distribution and behaviour of water vapor in the atmosphere.

2.        Logical Deductions: Evaluated the influence of altitude and latitude on water vapor concentration.

3.        Look for Contradictions: Checked whether water vapor levels could be higher at poles than in other regions.

Analysis of Statements

Statement 1: It is a gas, the amount of which decreases with altitude.

• Technique Used: Use of General Knowledge.
• Water vapor is indeed a gas in the atmosphere, and its concentration is highest near the Earth's surface due to evaporation from water bodies.
• As altitude increases, temperature and pressure drop, reducing the ability of the air to hold water vapor. Thus, water vapor decreases with altitude.
• This statement is correct.

Statement 2: Its percentage is maximum at the poles.

• Technique Used: Logical Deductions.
• Water vapor levels are highest in warm and humid regions, like the tropics, where evaporation rates are high.
• At the poles, the cold climate limits evaporation, resulting in very low water vapor concentrations.
• This statement is incorrect.

Correct Answer: (a) 1 only

Explanation of Correct Answer

1.        Water vapor decreases with altitude because it is concentrated near the Earth's surface, where evaporation is active.

2.        Water vapor is not maximum at the poles, as the cold climate inhibits evaporation. It is highest in tropical regions.

Techniques Summary

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Identified the behaviour of water vapor in relation to altitude and climatic zones.

2.        Logical Deductions: Recognized the connection between evaporation, temperature, and water vapor levels.

3.        Look for Contradictions: Verified that polar regions have low water vapor levels compared to tropical areas.

Consider the following description:

1. Annual and daily range of temperatures is low.

2. Precipitation occurs throughout the year.

3. Precipitation varies between 50cm – 250cm.

What is this type of climate?

(a) Equatorial climate

(b) China type climate

(c) Humid subtropical climate

(d) Marine West coast climate

Techniques Used

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Recalled the characteristics of different climatic zones.

2.        Logical Deductions: Evaluated each characteristic to identify the climate type.

3.        Process of Elimination by Context: Analysed and ruled out options that did not fit all the characteristics provided.

Analysis of the Description

Characteristic 1: Annual and daily range of temperatures is low.

• This suggests a moderate climate with limited temperature fluctuations, typically found in areas near large water bodies or in tropical regions.

Characteristic 2: Precipitation occurs throughout the year.

• Year-round precipitation points to climates with consistent moisture supply, such as marine-influenced climates or equatorial regions.

Characteristic 3: Precipitation varies between 50cm – 250cm.

• This range of precipitation is moderate to high but not as extreme as equatorial climates, which often exceed 250cm annually.

Analysis of Options

(a) Equatorial climate

• Equatorial climates have very high precipitation exceeding 250cm annually and are characterized by high temperatures throughout the year.
• This does not fit the precipitation range provided.
• Incorrect.

(b) China type climate

• The China type climate, also known as the warm temperate eastern margin climate, has a large annual range of temperature and distinct wet and dry seasons.
• This does not fit the description of low temperature range and year-round precipitation.
• Incorrect.

(c) Humid subtropical climate

• Humid subtropical climates have hot summers and cool winters with uneven precipitation. The temperature range is often higher than described.
• This does not fit the low temperature range characteristic.
• Incorrect.

(d) Marine West Coast climate

• Marine West Coast climates are found on the western coasts of continents, characterized by low temperature range, year-round precipitation, and moderate rainfall (50cm–250cm).
• This fits all the characteristics provided.
• Correct.

Correct Answer: (d) Marine West Coast climate

Explanation of Correct Answer

1.        Low annual and daily temperature range is typical of marine climates due to the moderating effect of nearby oceans.

2.        Year-round precipitation occurs due to the influence of prevailing westerly winds.

3.        Precipitation between 50cm and 250cm is consistent with the Marine West Coast climate, which experiences moderate rainfall.

Techniques Summary

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Identified key features of marine climates and distinguished them from equatorial or subtropical climates.

2.        Logical Deductions: Matched the precipitation range and temperature characteristics with the Marine West Coast climate.

3.        Process of Elimination by Context: Removed options that contradicted the characteristics described.

With reference to “Coriolis force”, which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. It increases with increase in wind velocity.

2. It is maximum at the poles and is absent at the equator.

Select the answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Techniques Used

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Recalled basic principles of the Coriolis force in physics and meteorology.

2.        Logical Deductions: Evaluated the relationship between the Coriolis force, wind velocity, and geographic location.

3.        Look for Contradictions: Verified whether the statements align with the scientific properties of the Coriolis force.

Analysis of Statements

Statement 1: It increases with increase in wind velocity.

• Technique Used: Logical Deductions.
• The Coriolis force is directly proportional to the velocity of the moving object (e.g., wind) and the rotation of the Earth.
• Faster-moving winds experience a stronger Coriolis effect.
• This statement is correct.

Statement 2: It is maximum at the poles and is absent at the equator.

• Technique Used: Use of General Knowledge.
• The Coriolis force depends on the sine of the latitude:
• At the poles (90° latitude), the sine of the latitude is 1, making the Coriolis force maximum.
• At the equator (0° latitude), the sine of the latitude is 0, meaning the Coriolis force is absent.
• This statement is correct.

Correct Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2

Explanation of Correct Answer

1.        Statement 1: The Coriolis force increases with wind velocity because it is proportional to the speed of the moving air mass.

2.        Statement 2: The Coriolis force is maximum at the poles and absent at the equator due to its dependence on the sine of the latitude.

Techniques Summary

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Identified the geographic influence on the Coriolis force (latitude dependence).

2.        Logical Deductions: Related wind velocity to the magnitude of the Coriolis force.

3.        Look for Contradictions: Confirmed consistency with physical laws governing Earth's rotation and the Coriolis effect.

On June 21 every year, which of the following latitude(s) experience(s) a sunlight of more than 12 hours?

1. Equator

2. Tropic of Cancer

3. Tropic of Capricorn

4. Arctic Circle

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) 3 and 4

(d) 2 and 4

Techniques Used

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Recalled Earth’s axial tilt and the phenomenon of solstices.

2.        Logical Deductions: Analysed the amount of sunlight received at various latitudes on June 21 (summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere).

3.        Process of Elimination by Context: Identified the latitudes that receive more than 12 hours of sunlight on this date.

Analysis of Each Latitude

1. Equator

• Technique Used: Use of General Knowledge.
• On June 21, the Equator experiences approximately 12 hours of sunlight because day and night durations are nearly equal year-round due to its position perpendicular to the Earth's rotational axis.
• This latitude does not receive more than 12 hours of sunlight.

2. Tropic of Cancer

• Technique Used: Logical Deductions.
• On June 21 (summer solstice), the Sun is directly overhead at the Tropic of Cancer (23.5°N), resulting in more than 12 hours of sunlight.
• This latitude receives more than 12 hours of sunlight.

3. Tropic of Capricorn

• Technique Used: Logical Deductions.
• On June 21, the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5°S) experiences the shortest day of the year in the Southern Hemisphere, with less than 12 hours of sunlight.
• This latitude does not receive more than 12 hours of sunlight.

4. Arctic Circle

• Technique Used: Use of General Knowledge.
• On June 21, the Arctic Circle (66.5°N) experiences 24 hours of daylight due to the tilt of the Earth's axis, resulting in the Midnight Sun phenomenon.
• This latitude receives more than 12 hours of sunlight.

Correct Answer: (d) 2 and 4

Explanation of Correct Answer

1.        Equator: Does not receive more than 12 hours of sunlight on June 21.

2.        Tropic of Cancer: Experiences more than 12 hours of sunlight on June 21, as the Sun is directly overhead.

3.        Tropic of Capricorn: Experiences less than 12 hours of sunlight on June 21, being in the Southern Hemisphere.

4.        Arctic Circle: Experiences 24 hours of sunlight on June 21 due to the Midnight Sun.

Techniques Summary

1.        Use of General Knowledge or Common Sense: Recognized the solstice phenomenon and the role of Earth's axial tilt.

2.        Logical Deductions: Connected latitude-specific sunlight duration to the solstice date.

3.        Process of Elimination by Context: Removed options inconsistent with solstice dynamics.